The Republic of Colombia, with its official name, is located in the northwestern part of South America. Panama is located in the northwestern part of the country, the Caribbean Sea in the northern part, Brazil and Venezuela in the east. To the south of Colombia is Peru and Ecuador, and to the west is the Pacific Ocean. Colombia is the fourth largest country in South America when it comes to surface area. Its capital is Bogota, which is located in the middle of the country. Its population is more than 46 million. It stands out as the twenty-seventh most populous country in the world. We must also add that its official language is Spanish. It is the second largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico.
The territory of Colombia has been home to the oldest civilizations. These include Sinu, Taynana, Musica, and the Inca Empire. Although the country is named after Christopher Columbus, he has never actually set foot in this country. Colonized by Spanish commanders in the 16th century, the country remained a colony until Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in the nineteenth century. The Colombian people, who rebelled against colonialism and oppression, started a war of independence and won this war in 1886 and ensured the proclamation of the Republic of Colombia.
Due to its physical differences, the country is divided into three parts: the eastern region, its coasts and mountains. It is also notable as the only country in South America that has a coast to both oceans. The Pacific coast is called the Sierra Baudo region, and the Atlantic Ocean coast is called the Santa Marta region. Apart from these two regions, the remaining coasts are extremely low and flat.
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Colombian Andes extend from near the southwestern border of the country to the northeast and north. Thus, it forms three mountain ranges. They receive the names of Cordillera, Eastern and Central. The Western Cordillera is much lower than the others. The Middle Cordillera is located higher and presents a view that is predominantly covered with snow.
The eastern region of Colombia is a flat and wide area where the tributaries of major rivers such as the Amazon and Orinoko pass. The south is covered with equatorial forests and the northern part with savannas. In the eastern part, which makes up about half of Colombia’s territory, about twenty percent of the country’s population lives.
Since Colombia is a country close to the equator, its climate is tropical and varies according to regions. The area west of the Western Cordillera receives about 10,160 mm of rainfall annually. We can say that the average rainfall on the shores of the Caribbean Sea is 255 mm below. In the eastern part, the climate is humid tropical.
Colombia is famous for its light and balanced coffees. The average annual coffee production is 11.5 million sacks. With this figure, Colombia is touted as the third most coffee-producing country in the world after Brazil and Vietnam. Compared to other countries, Arabica seed production is higher in Colombia. These coffee beans are often exported to Italy, Japan, France, Germany and America. Coffee cultivation in the country takes place in the axis regions of Colombia. In 2011, UNESCO declared Colombia’s Coffee Cultural Center, a world heritage site.
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